Joel Webbon argues that historical conflicts between Christian kingdoms and expanding Muslim powers continue to shape how some Christians and Catholics perceive Islam today. He points to figures and battles such as Charles Martel, Lepanto, Malta, and Vienna as examples of moments when Christian Europe viewed itself as defending against military expansion. His broader point is that centuries of warfare still influence modern religious memory and attitudes, even though those historical conflicts should not be treated as a judgment on all Muslims today.
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